背景知識
今日は水曜日。Vocabulary & Grammar の日です。IELTSでスコアに最も直結するのは 語彙の正確さ（Lexical Resource） と 文法構造の幅（Grammatical Range & Accuracy） です。
今日の2本柱
① Academic Collocations（学術コロケーション）
コロケーション（連語）とは、一緒によく使われる語の組み合わせです。
✗ "make research" → ✓ "conduct research"
✗ "give impact" → ✓ "have an impact"
② Conditional Sentences（条件文）
Type 1〜3 と unless / provided that を正確に使えることが Band 6.0以上に必須です。
① Academic Collocations（学術コロケーション）
コロケーション（連語）とは、一緒によく使われる語の組み合わせです。
✗ "make research" → ✓ "conduct research"
✗ "give impact" → ✓ "have an impact"
② Conditional Sentences（条件文）
Type 1〜3 と unless / provided that を正確に使えることが Band 6.0以上に必須です。
条件文チートシート
| 型 | If 節 | 帰結節 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1（現実的条件） | If + 現在形 | will + 動詞 | 実現可能な未来の条件 |
| Type 2（非現実・仮定） | If + 過去形 | would + 動詞 | 現在・未来の非現実的な仮定 |
| Type 3（過去の仮定） | If + 過去完了形 | would have + 過去分詞 | 過去の出来事への反事実・後悔 |
| unless | = "if not"（後ろは否定形にしない） | Unless governments act, ... | |
| provided that | = "only if"（フォーマル条件節） | Provided that funding is approved, ... | |
Part A: Collocation（正しい動詞を選べ）
⏰ 制限時間: 20分（全体）
選択肢の動詞から適切なものを選び、各文の空欄を埋めてください。（同じ語を2回使う問題もあります）
Q1
Scientists need to _____ extensive research before drawing conclusions.
Q2
The new policy will _____ a significant impact on urban development.
Q3
Governments should _____ awareness of mental health issues.
Q4
The two countries failed to _____ an agreement despite months of negotiation.
Q5
Renewable energy sources _____ a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions.
Q6
The committee will _____ a conclusion after reviewing all the evidence.
Q7
The proposal will _____ effect from January next year.
Q8
The survey _____ into account the opinions of over 2,000 respondents.
Part B: Error Correction（下線部の誤りを修正せよ）
各文には 赤下線 の誤りが1箇所あります。正しい形に書き直してください。
Q9
If the government will invest more in education, the literacy rate would improve.
Q10
She would pass the exam if she studied harder yesterday.
Q11
Unless students don't attend all lectures, they will not receive credit.
Q12
Provided that the funding is approving, the project will begin in March.
Q13
If renewable energy had been adopted earlier, CO₂ levels would reduce significantly.
Part C: Sentence Completion（文を完成させよ）
以下の文頭から、文法的・内容的に正しい文を完成させてください（英語で書く）。
Q14 — Type 2 Conditional
If governments around the world invested more in public transport, ...
Q15 — unless
Unless companies take responsibility for their carbon footprint, ...
ヒント（段階的）
Part A は「英語のコロケーション辞書」で確認するような問題です。意味だけでなく「組み合わせの習慣」を意識してください。
Part B の条件文：If 節・帰結節の組み合わせを確認してから解きましょう。
Part B の条件文：If 節・帰結節の組み合わせを確認してから解きましょう。
Part B の条件文ポイント:
- Q9: If 節に "will" は入らない → 現在形にする
- Q10: "yesterday" があるので過去の仮定 → Type 3 にすべき（帰結節も変わる）
- Q11: unless = "if not" の意味なので don't は不要
- Q12: "approving" は能動態 → funding は承認「される」ので受動態 "approved"
- Q13: "would reduce" → Type 3 の帰結節は "would have + 過去分詞"
Part A: 1=conduct, 2=have, 3=raise, 4=reach, 5=play, 6=draw, 7=take, 8=took
Part C の例:
Q14: "...people would rely far less on private vehicles, which would significantly reduce traffic congestion and air pollution in major cities."
Q15: "...the acceleration of climate change will become increasingly difficult to reverse, threatening both biodiversity and human livelihoods worldwide."
Part C の例:
Q14: "...people would rely far less on private vehicles, which would significantly reduce traffic congestion and air pollution in major cities."
Q15: "...the acceleration of climate change will become increasingly difficult to reverse, threatening both biodiversity and human livelihoods worldwide."
解答・解説
Part A: Collocation 解答
Q1
conduct
conduct extensive research — "do/make research" は ✗。Academic Writing では conduct が必須
Q2
have
have a significant impact — "give/make an impact" は自然度が低い
Q3
raise
raise awareness — "increase/boost awareness" も可だが raise が最も定番
Q4
reach
reach an agreement — "make/come to an agreement" も可。reach が最頻出
Q5
play
play a role — "have a role" も使えるが play が圧倒的に多い
Q6
draw
draw a conclusion — "make/reach a conclusion" も可だが draw が最もフォーマル
Q7
take
take effect — この慣用句は受動態にできない（× be taken effect）
Q8
took
take into account → 文が過去形なので took。現在なら takes に注意
Part B: Error Correction 解答
Q9
will invest → invests
Type 2 条件文なら "invested"（過去形）も可。いずれにせよ If 節に will は入らない。"If the government invests more... the literacy rate will improve." (Type 1) が最自然。
Q10
studied harder yesterday → had studied harder yesterday
"yesterday" が過去を示す → Type 3（If + 過去完了, would have + 過去分詞）。帰結節も "would have passed" が正しい。
Q11
don't attend → attend
unless = "if not"。Unless students attend... = If students do not attend...。二重否定になるので don't は削除。
Q12
approving → approved
the funding は "approve される"（受動）→ is approved（受動態）。is approving は「funding が誰かを承認している」という能動の意味になってしまう。
Q13
would reduce → would have been reduced
Type 3 の帰結節は "would have + 過去分詞"。CO₂ levels は reduce される（受動）→ would have been reduced。能動態なら "CO₂ levels would have reduced significantly." も可。
Part C: Sentence Completion モデル解答
Q14 — Type 2 Conditional
If governments around the world invested more in public transport, people would rely far less on private vehicles, which would significantly reduce traffic congestion and urban air pollution. Moreover, lower carbon emissions would contribute to a more sustainable future for subsequent generations.
注目: "rely far less on" / "contribute to a sustainable future" / "subsequent generations" — Academic Register が高い表現
Q15 — unless
Unless companies take responsibility for their carbon footprint, the acceleration of climate change will become increasingly difficult to reverse. Stricter international regulations and financial penalties may therefore be necessary to compel corporations to adopt environmentally responsible practices.
注目: "acceleration of"（名詞句化）/ "compel corporations to" ("force" より Academic) / "environmentally responsible practices"
重要コロケーション・語彙（今日の必須10語）
| 表現 | 意味 | 使用例 |
|---|---|---|
| conduct research | 研究を行う | "Scientists need to conduct extensive research before drawing conclusions." |
| have an impact on | 〜に影響を与える | "This policy will have a significant impact on urban development." |
| raise awareness | 意識を高める | "Campaigns should raise awareness of mental health issues." |
| reach an agreement | 合意に達する | "The two sides finally reached an agreement after lengthy negotiations." |
| play a role in | 〜において役割を果たす | "Education plays a crucial role in reducing poverty." |
| draw a conclusion | 結論を導く | "It is too early to draw a definitive conclusion from the data." |
| take effect | 効力を発する・施行される | "The new legislation will take effect from April 1st." |
| take into account | 〜を考慮に入れる | "Policymakers must take into account the needs of minority groups." |
| provided that | 〜という条件で（フォーマル） | "The project can proceed, provided that sufficient funding is secured." |
| compel (sb) to do | （人）に〜することを強制する | "Regulations should compel companies to disclose their carbon emissions." |
よくある日本人のミス
| ミス | 原因 | 正しい書き方 |
|---|---|---|
| If it will rain, ... | 日本語の発想 | If it rains, ... （If 節に will は不可） |
| Unless you don't study, ... | unless の意味を誤解 | Unless you study, ... （unless = if not） |
| make research | 直訳（研究を "作る"） | conduct research |
| give an impact | 直訳（影響を "与える"） | have an impact |
| If I had more money, I will buy... | Type 2 の帰結節で will を使う | If I had more money, I would buy... |
| The bill was took effect last year | take effect を受動態にする | The bill took effect last year（受動態不可） |
| Although AI is useful, but it has problems. | although と but の重複（日本語直訳） | Although AI is useful, it poses serious challenges. |
自己評価
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/ 15問
分
次回予告：Day 044 — Writing Task 1（棒グラフ・折れ線グラフ：複数データ比較 / Overview の書き方）