Day 169 — Integrated Review: 率と総数・but の後ろ・Mixed conditionals・文体スキャン・採点者の目

2026-10-04 Phase 4 — Band 7.0 目標 Review(日曜) 5 Part | 19問+記述2問 | 47分 | 題材: 中高の始業時刻

背景知識

今期2回目の日曜です。Day163〜168 の自己評価欄はすべて未記入なので、前回までに「Day169 に入れる」と約束した4点を全部入れ、残りの今期テーマ2つも足しました。

約束した場所約束の中身今日
Day162 の後WT2 文体分析・Reading 模試形式を必ず含めるA・D
Day163 の後スキャン表(文頭つなぎ0〜2・8語以下の文・旧→新)D
Day164 の後「割合と絶対量」(Q5)と「本文にある別の語」(Q13)の罠A(Q3・Q5〜7)
Day168 の後「but の後ろが答え」「採用の発言で確定」B(Q8〜10)

今日いちばん大事な1点: 「率」と「総数」は別の事実

Reading・Grammar・Task 1 の3か所に同じ罠を置いています。本文では「事故率は約16%下がった。しかし免許保有者が25%増えたので、事故の総数はわずかに増えた」。

数字2年前2年後変化
10代の免許保有者4,0005,000+25%
事故率(1,000人あたり)2521−16%
事故の総数(人数×率÷1,000)100105+5%

架空のデータ(本文の「約16%」「4分の1」に合わせて作成)。導出: 4,000×25÷1,000=100、5,000×21÷1,000=105。

Day164 Q5(間隔の割合は小さくなるが長さは伸びる)、Day167(割合が高い国が量でも多いとは限らない)と同じ型です。分野が変わっても「率が下がった=数が減った」と読む癖を、今日は3技能で連続して確かめます。

公式の基準(今日は再確認していない)

項目内容出所
Writing の結束性Band 9: "Cohesion is used in such a way that it very rarely attracts attention." / Band 6: "... faulty or mechanical due to misuse, overuse or omission."Writing Band Descriptors(2023年5月改訂)PDF、参照日 2026-09-28(Day163 で原文確認)
素点 → Band40問中30問 ≒ Band 7(版ごとに変動)ielts.org「IELTS scoring in detail」、参照日 2026-09-26
Speaking 発音Band 9: "Flexible use of features of connected speech is sustained throughout."Speaking Band Descriptors PDF、参照日 2026-09-25
Task 1 の TAOverview が無いと TA は高くならない公開版の趣旨。逐語照合は未実施

今日の構成(47分)

Part技能内容問題数時間復習元
AReading402語。TFNG 4問+Summary(語群)3問710分Day164
BListening×発音Section 3 議論(197語)3問+聞こえ方→元の語3問68分Day168・165
CGrammarMixed/倒置の誤り訂正5問+論証の適切さ1問66分Day166
DWT2学習者型の段落をスキャン表で数え、100〜130語で書き直す115分Day163
EWT132語の段落を4基準で採点し、書き直す18分Day167
47:00

Part A — Reading(10分・7問)

AReading 模試形式(Day164)

Should Schools Start Later?

AFor most of the twentieth century, the timing of the school day was decided by bus timetables and parents' working hours rather than by biology. That began to change in the 1990s, when sleep researchers reported that the body clock shifts during puberty: the evening rise in melatonin, the hormone that signals sleepiness, arrives up to two hours later in teenagers than in younger children. A sixteen-year-old who cannot fall asleep before eleven, yet must get up at half past six, is not lazy; he is short of sleep by design.

BEarly experiments were small and local. In one frequently discussed case, a school district moved the start of its secondary schools from 7.15 to 8.40 a.m. Critics had predicted that students would simply stay up later to compensate. They did not. Bedtimes changed little, and students gained close to an hour of sleep per night.

CLater studies have tried to measure what that extra hour buys. Attendance tends to improve, particularly in the first lesson of the day. The effect on grades is more modest and harder to isolate, since a district that changes its timetable often changes other things at the same time. The most striking figures concern road safety. In the two years after the change, the crash rate among drivers aged 16 to 18 fell by about 16 per cent. Because the number of teenagers holding a licence grew by a quarter over the same period, however, the total number of such crashes actually rose slightly.

DOpponents usually point first to cost, and the cost is real. In many districts the same buses serve primary and secondary schools in turn, so a later start for teenagers means either buying more buses or moving younger pupils to an earlier start, which few parents of seven-year-olds welcome. Yet the objection that schools find hardest to answer is not financial at all. It is that sports training, which already runs into the evening, would finish later still, and that students with part-time jobs would lose working hours.

EPolicy has moved slowly. In 2014 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that middle and high schools begin no earlier than 8.30 a.m. Five years later, California passed a law that set the same limit for most of its high schools. Whether other states follow may depend less on new evidence about sleep than on whether anyone can solve the problem of the buses.

402語(実測)。1地区の数字は架空。AAP・カリフォルニア州の記述は記憶に基づき今日は未再確認(設計記録を参照)。

Questions 1–4 — TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN
1
Sleep researchers in the 1990s proposed specific start times for secondary schools.
2
After the district changed its timetable, students went to bed considerably later.
3
The total number of crashes involving drivers aged 16 to 18 fell after the timetable change.
4
It is difficult to separate the effect of a later start on grades from the effect of other changes.
Questions 5–7 — Complete the summary using the list of words, A–H.
Critics most often object to the cost of a later start. Because the same 5 ______ are often used by both primary and secondary schools, starting secondary schools later can force younger pupils to begin 6 ______. However, the objection that is hardest to answer is that 7 ______ would end later in the evening and that working students would lose hours.
A buses
B sleep
C sports training
D later
E earlier
F part-time jobs
G teachers
H grades
5
6
7

Part B — Listening: Section 3 形式(8分・6問)

BSection 3(Day168)+ 弱形・h の脱落(Day165)

Situation: Two students, Tom and Mia, discuss a survey on school start times with their tutor.

先読み: Q8〜10 を先に読み、「何を選ぶ設問か」「欠点を聞いているのか」を確認してから読む(または再生ボタンで聞く)。

ブラウザ内蔵の読み上げは連結・弱形・h の脱落をほとんど再現しない=本番より易しい(Day161 で確認済みの制約)。Q11〜13 はそれを補うためのカタカナ問題。

TUTORSo, how are you going to measure how much the students actually sleep?

TOMWe thought about fitness trackers. They're accurate, but only about a third of the class own one, so we'd lose most of the sample.

MIAWhat about attendance records? The school would give them to us for free.

TUTORThey're useful, but they tell you who turned up, not how long anyone slept. I'd go for sleep diaries.

MIADiaries are cheap, and students can fill them in on their phones. But people tend to write down the sleep they meant to get, not the sleep they actually got.

TUTORThat's true, and you'll need to discuss it in your limitations section. Still, it's the only option that covers everyone.

TOMOkay. Diaries it is. How many students should we ask? A hundred?

TUTORWith two year groups, I'd aim for two hundred. A hundred won't let you compare them properly.

MIATwo hundred, then. And the head of year said we could ask her to send the link to all the form tutors.

TUTORGood. And tell him too — the deputy head, I mean. He'll want to see the questions first.

Questions 8–9 — Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
8
Which method do the students decide to use to measure sleep?
A. fitness trackers B. attendance records C. sleep diaries
9
What is the main weakness of the method they choose?
A. It costs too much. B. Students may record the sleep they intended to get. C. Only a minority of students can take part.
Question 10 — Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER.
10
Number of students in the survey:
Questions 11–13 — 聞こえ方 → 元の英語(トランスクリプトの語のまま)。種類は解答で確認(① 連結 ③ 弱形 ⑦ h の脱落)。
11
〔アスカ〕
12
〔テリム〕
13
〔アイデイムファ〕

Part C — Grammar: Mixed conditionals/倒置(6分・6問)

C書き言葉の条件文(Day166)

Q14〜18 は Academic Writing として正しい形に直す。誤りのない文が1つある(その場合は「正しい」と書く)。書いたら「答え」で確認し、自分で○×をつける。

14
If the district had not changed its timetable in 2019, its students get far less sleep today.
..., its students would get far less sleep today. / 過去の一回(2019)→ 現在の結果(today)= Mixed(過去→現在)
15
Were the buses not shared with primary schools, the change would have cost far less.
正しい / 今も続く状態(バスの共用)→ 過去の結果(費用)= Mixed(現在→過去)。be 動詞なので Were の倒置は可
16
Had not the council approved extra buses, the plan would have failed.
Had the council not approved extra buses, ... / not は主語の後ろ。"Had not the council" は古めかしい
17
Were the current trend continue, most districts would start after 8.30 by 2035.
Were the current trend to continue, ... would start ... / または Should the current trend continue, ... will start ...。Were +一般動詞の原形は不可
18
If the study had used sleep diaries, its results would be more reliable last year.
..., its results would have been more reliable last year. / 条件も結果も過去 → 第3条件文。Mixed ではない
19
Task 2 の本論に入れるなら、どちらが適切か。
(a) If the district had not moved its start time, hundreds more teenagers would have died on the roads.
(b) Had the district kept its 7.15 start, its crash rate might well have remained higher.

Part D — Writing Task 2: 文体スキャンと書き直し(15分)

D文体の6観点(Day163)

Prompt: Some people believe that secondary schools should start later in the morning. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

ある受験者の賛成側の本論(65語):

Firstly, teenagers need more sleep than adults. Moreover, their body clock is different. In addition, it is undeniable that early classes make students very tired. Therefore, they cannot concentrate in the first lesson. Furthermore, a lot of students drive to school. As a result, tired students may cause accidents. In today's world, sleep plays a vital role in our life. Therefore, schools should start later.
  1. 下のスキャンで、まずこの段落を数える(「学習者の段落を入れる」ボタン)
  2. 100〜130語で書き直す: 文頭つなぎ0〜2/8語以下の文1つ以上/最長−最短15語以上/数字1つ以上/決まり文句0/前の文の語句で始まる文を半分以上
  3. Part A の事故の数字を使うなら率と総数を取り違えない、1地区の結果を一般化しない(Day163 観点5)
0 語

数え方は Day163 と同じ(文は . ! ? の後の大文字で区切る。つなぎ言葉は表の7語句のみ。As a result などは数えないので、目で確認する)。

Part E — Writing Task 1: 採点者として読み、書き直す(8分)

EExaminer's perspective(Day167)

Task: The table below shows the number of licensed drivers aged 16–18, their crash rate and the total number of crashes in one district, two years before and two years after its secondary schools moved their start time from 7.15 to 8.40 a.m.

2年前2年後
Licensed drivers aged 16–184,0005,000
Crash rate (per 1,000 drivers)2521
Total crashes100105
Because school started later, crashes decreased a lot, from 25 to 21. The number of drivers increase to 5,000. So the roads became more safe and the change was a good idea.
  1. 減点箇所を5つ以上、基準名つきで挙げる
  2. 4基準の Band を推定する(下の計算機)
  3. 40〜60語で書き直す(率と総数を分ける・因果と意見を書かない・3行すべてに触れる)
基準あなたの判定私の判定差 TA?- CC?- LR?- GRA?-

解法ガイド

Part見るところ
ATFNG は順番どおり(Q1→A、Q2→B、Q3・4→C)。「報告した」と「提案した」は別の行為。Q3 は主語(rate か total number か)に下線、however の後ろ。Summary は段落 D だけ。品詞と単数・複数を先に決める。本文にある語でも、要約での役割が違えば不正解(Day164 Q13)
B提案ではなく "it is" "then" で確定した語を書く。長所の後の but の後ろに欠点。Q9 は「選んだ方法」の欠点で、別の方法の欠点は罠。〔カ〕〔イム〕は h の落ちた代名詞、〔ファ〕は for の弱形
Cif 節と主節の時点を別々に。倒置は Had / Were / Should だけ。Were は be 動詞か were to +原形。not は主語の後ろ。Q19 は論証として(データを超えた断定・率と総数)
Dつなぎ言葉を消した後、前の文の終わりの情報で次の文を始める。主張は短く、根拠は長く
E① 因果・意見 → ② 率と総数 → ③ 主要な特徴の欠落 → ④ 時制・比較級 → ⑤ 曖昧な語・単位

有用な表現・語彙

語彙・表現品詞意味使い方
body clock名体内時計The body clock shifts during puberty.
by design副句仕組みとして・必然的にHe is short of sleep by design.
compensate自動埋め合わせるstay up later to compensate
isolate (an effect)他動(効果を)切り分けるThe effect is hard to isolate.
crash rate / total number名句事故率 / 事故の総数The rate fell, but the total rose.
edge up / edge down自動句わずかに増える/減るTotal crashes edged up from 100 to 105.
in turn副句交代でThe buses serve both schools in turn.
run into the evening動句夜まで食い込むTraining already runs into the evening.
out of step (with)形句(〜と)ずれているTeenagers are out of step with the school day.
not confined to形句〜だけにとどまらないThe cost is not confined to the classroom.
limitations section名(報告書の)限界の節Discuss it in your limitations section.
might well have + p.p.構文おそらく〜だっただろう(控えめな推量)Its crash rate might well have remained higher.

ヒント(段階的に開く)

  • A: Q3 の段落 C には however がある。Q7 は「費用ではない方の反論」
  • B: 3つの方法のうち、最後に誰かが "it is" と言ったものを探す
  • C: 5文のうち1文は、現在の状態 → 過去の結果の Mixed で正しく書けている
  • D: 8文中、文頭つなぎで始まっていない文は2つしかない
  • E: 最初の Because と最後の good idea が、Task 1 で書いてはいけない種類の内容
  • A: Q1 は「書かれていない」のか「逆が書かれている」のか。Q6 は誰の始業が動くのか
  • B: Q9 で C を選びそうになったら、それはどの方法の欠点だったか
  • C: Q17 は2通りに直せる(Were ... to continue / Should ... continue)。後者なら主節も変わる
  • D: 1文目は短い主張、2文目以降は前の文の主語や結論から始める
  • E: "crashes decreased" の主語は表のどの行の話か
  • A: 1 NG / 2 F / 3 F / 4 T / 5 A / 6 E / 7 C B: 8 C / 9 B / 10 200
  • D 骨格: "Teenagers are not lazy. They are out of step. During puberty ... The cost of that mismatch ... In one district ... even though the total ... None of this proves ..., but ..."
  • E 骨格: "Over the same period, the crash rate fell from ... However, the number of ... rose ..., so the total number of crashes edged up ..."

解答・モデル解答(Band 7.5〜8.0相当)

QPart正解根拠 / 罠
1ANOT GIVEN"sleep researchers reported that the body clock shifts" — 報告したのは体内時計の変化だけ。始業時刻の推奨は段落 E の AAP(2014)。逆のことは書かれていないので FALSE ではない
2AFALSE"Critics had predicted ... They did not. Bedtimes changed little" — 批判者の予想を事実と取り違えると TRUE
3AFALSE"the crash rate ... fell ... however, the total number of such crashes actually rose slightly" — 率は下がったが総数は増えた(Day164 Q5 と同じ型)
4ATRUE"harder to isolate, since a district ... often changes other things at the same time"
5AA buses"the same buses serve primary and secondary schools in turn"
6AE earlier"moving younger pupils to an earlier start" — D later は本文にあるが、それは中高生の始業
7AC sports training"sports training ... would finish later still" — F part-time jobs も本文にあるが、要約では "working students would lose hours" として別に書かれている(Day164 Q13 の型)
8BC"I'd go for sleep diaries." → "Diaries it is." / 採用で確定。A・B は but で退けられた
9BB"But people tend to write down the sleep they meant to get" / A は長所(cheap)の裏返し、C はトラッカーの欠点
10B200"I'd aim for two hundred." → "Two hundred, then." / a hundred は撤回された案
11Bask her / ①+⑦h が落ちて /ə/、k が次の母音へ → /ɑːskə/
12Btell him / ①+⑦h が落ちて /ɪm/、l が次の母音へ → /telɪm/
13BI'd aim for / ①+③I'd‿aim の d が次の母音へ。for は /fə/
14Cwould get2019(過去の一回)→ today = Mixed(過去→現在)
15C正しい今も続く状態 → 過去の結果 = Mixed(現在→過去)
16CHad the council not approvednot は主語の後ろ
17CWere ... to continueまたは Should ... continue, ... will
18Cwould have beenlast year → 第3条件文
19C(b)(a) は「数百人多く死んだ」と断定し、本文では総数はむしろ増えた。(b) は率で語り、might well have で強さを調整

正答の内訳: TRUE 1 / FALSE 2 / NOT GIVEN 1。語群 B・G・H は未使用。Band 7 の目安: A は 6/7(Day164 の 10/13 ≒ 77% より厳しめの 86%)。

前の文の語句で始める数字8語以下の文言い過ぎを抑える
Teenagers are not lazy. They are out of step. During puberty the evening release of melatonin, the hormone that signals sleepiness, shifts by up to two hours, so a sixteen-year-old who must be at school by 7.30 is being asked to learn at what is, for his body, the middle of the night. The cost of that mismatch is not confined to the classroom. In one district that moved its start to 8.40, the crash rate among drivers aged 16 to 18 fell by around a sixth, even though the total number of crashes did not. None of this proves that a later bell will raise grades, which depend on too much else, but it does suggest that an 8.30 start would remove an obstacle that schools themselves have created.
#数えるもの学習者の段落書き直し
—語数 / 文の数65 / 8130 / 6
1文頭つなぎ(7語句)6 / 8(As a result 含め 7)0 / 6
28語以下の文62
3最長 − 最短7語(12−5)40語(44−4)
—文長の標準偏差2.215.6
4数字・固有名05
5決まり文句50
6前の文の語句で始まる文0 / 73 / 5

実測(Python で文を分割して数えた。6 は手で数えた)。

読み取れること: 学習者の段落は「8語以下の文」が6つあり項目2は満たしているが、全文が5〜12語に収まっていて(項目3が7語)、Band 6 CC の mechanical に当たる単調さはこちらに出ている。項目2だけで「短い文があるから良い」と判断しない。

Moreover / Therefore を消した後に文をつないでいるのは They(=前の文の Teenagers)、that mismatch(前の文の言い換え)、None of this(前の2文の要約)。Part A の数字は In one district と限定し、even though the total number of crashes did not で総数を書き添えている(観点4と観点5を同時に満たす)。

#箇所基準理由
1Because school started laterTA表は因果を示さない(Day167 の落とし穴2)
2crashes decreased ... from 25 to 21TA25→21 は率。総数は 100→105 で増えた。結論が逆
3a lot / 単位なしLR/TA曖昧な語。per 1,000 drivers が無いと 25 が何の数か分からない
4The number of drivers increase to 5,000GRA/TA過去形 increased。出発点 4,000 が無い
5Total crashes の行に触れていないTA最も重要な特徴(率と総数の逆の動き)を落としている
6So ... more safeCC/GRASo の因果が誤り。比較級は safer
7the change was a good ideaTA意見はデータにない
TACCLRGRA平均Band
45554.755.0

仮定: 実際の採点は答案全体で行われ、段落単位の Band は存在しない。練習用の目安で、私の判定(公式採点ではない、±0.5)。

Over the same period, the crash rate fell from 25 to 21 per 1,000 teenage drivers, a drop of 16 per cent. However, the number of licensed teenagers rose by a quarter, from 4,000 to 5,000, so the total number of crashes edged up from 100 to 105.

この so は表から計算できる関係(人数×率=総数)にだけ使っているので、因果の付け足しではない。数字は3つ → 8つ(16 per cent は導出値)、表の3行すべてに触れている。

よくある日本人のミス

ミス原因正しくは
Q1 に FALSE「書かれていない」と「逆が書かれている」を区別しないNOT GIVEN
Q3 に TRUEfell by 16 per cent だけ読み、however の文を飛ばす主語に下線: rate と total number
Q6 に later本文の "a later start" を見つけて止まる動くのは年少の子 → earlier
Q9 に C「3分の1」を聞いた記憶で選ぶそれは不採用のトラッカーの欠点
Q10 に 100最初に出た数を書く"Two hundred, then." で確定
Had not the council approved否定は助動詞の直後という習慣Had the council not approved
Were the trend continuedWere の後を過去形にしたくなるWere the trend to continue
文頭つなぎを消して終わるつなぎ言葉=結束性と思っている前の文の語句で次の文を始める
"crashes decreased" を見逃す表の行を1行ずつ別に読む3行を一緒に見る

この回の設計記録・扱わなかった範囲

迷った案採らなかった理由前提が変わったら
Reading を Day164 と同じ13問・20分で出す47分に6テーマを入れると20分は取れない。今日の目的は罠の型の再確認で、時間配分は火曜(Day171)で練習するDay171 で「時間切れ」とあれば、次の日曜は Reading を13問・20分に戻す
Part ごとに違う題材(Day162 方式)1つの題材にすると、Reading で読んだ数字を WT2・WT1 で使う側として扱える。率と総数の罠を3技能で連続して踏ませるにはこちらが必要欠点: 題材の知識が WT2 を易しくする。次の日曜は題材を分ける
Speaking の産出(録音)も入れる47分を超える。Day165 の倍率が未記入で、録音結果を次の判断に使えない倍率が記入されれば録音の Part を戻す
事故データを実在の研究の数字で書く実在の報告(米国の1地区で始業を遅らせた後に10代の事故率が下がった)の数字と出典を今日は確認していない。記憶の数字を本文に入れると誤りを教える危険出典を確認できたら実データに差し替え、参照日を足す
Part E を一から書かせるDay167 で自分の答案の採点を初回に扱ったばかり。今日は結論が逆の答案という新しい型を足す方を選んだ「見つけられたが書き直せない」とあれば、書く比重を上げる

本文の事実の出所

内容出所確認の状態
思春期にメラトニン分泌が遅れる(最大約2時間)睡眠研究の一般的な知見今日は一次資料を再確認していない
1地区の 7.15→8.40、睡眠約1時間増、事故率 −16%、免許 +25%、総数 100→105架空(実在の研究の傾向に似せた)導出で整合を確認
AAP が2014年に中高の始業 8:30 以降を推奨AAP Policy Statement "School Start Times for Adolescents"(2014)記憶に基づく・未再確認
カリフォルニア州が2019年に高校の始業 8:30 以降を定める法律州法 SB 328(2019年署名、2022年施行と記憶)記憶に基づく・未再確認。本文は "most of" と例外の存在だけ書いた

扱わなかった範囲

  • Reading の時間配分(20分・13問)、Matching Features・Headings
  • Listening Section 4・Map labelling(Day175 以降)
  • Speaking の産出(録音・倍率)。声門閉鎖音・弾音は未着手のまま
  • WT2 の語彙面の文体(明日 Day170 の候補なので先取りしない)
  • Task 1 の地図・プロセス図
  • 本物の音声(Q11〜13 のカタカナは英国英語の標準的な話者を想定した近似)

次のステップ

  • 発展: Part D の書き直しに反対側の段落(バス・部活、段落 D)を足し、同じスキャンで数える
  • 発展2: Part E の表で Introduction と Overview を書き、Day167 の採点表で TA を自己採点
  • 次回予告(月曜 Day170): Writing Task 2 — 文体分析2回目(語彙面の文体、または Band 8/9 相当の段落を6観点で分解。題材は食品・教育以外)

自己評価

正解数 A /7 B /6 C /6 所要時間 分

落とした罠

Part D 書き直し後: 文頭つなぎ 8語以下 最長−最短 旧→新

気づき・メモ

保存はこのブラウザの中だけ。state.md や問題ファイルの自己評価欄に残すときは「Markdown でコピー」を使う。