背景知識
今期3回目の日曜です。Day170〜174 の自己評価欄はすべて未記入なので、前回までに「次の日曜に」と約束したことを入れました。
| 約束 | 今日どうしたか |
|---|---|
| Part ごとに題材を分ける(Day169 の反省) | 6 Part を6題材(鉄道時刻・ペンギン文庫・航空・選手の給与・博物館・待つこと)に |
| 倍率/「ト」が記入されていれば録音を戻す | 未記入。ただし産出の練習が2週続けて0になるので Part F に任意の60秒録音 |
| Day171 で時間切れなら Reading を13問・20分に | 未記入のため短縮版(7問・10分)。Day171 の Matching Headings を入れた |
| 「率と総数」は4回目を出さない | 使わない。数字の罠は期間と単位(A・E)と話者の態度(B)へ |
今日いちばん大事な1点: 「いつの数字か」「何の単位か」を、主語と同じ重さで読む
| 罠の型 | 例(今日の問題) | 読む手順 |
|---|---|---|
| 時点と期間 | "only in 1918, thirty-five years later" → How long に 1918 と書く | 疑問詞(When / How long)に下線 |
| 単位 | 表は millions と minutes。"6.3 thousand" "140 hours" は誤り | 見出しの単位を数字の直後に毎回書く |
| 期間の割り振り | 10年で 0.7 million 減 → "each year" は誤り | 「いつからいつまで」をセットで |
| 近くの別の数 | Bristol 10分・Exeter 14分 | 固有名詞を本文で探してから数字を拾う |
公式の基準(今日は再確認していない)
| 項目 | 内容 | 出所 |
|---|---|---|
| Task 1 の TA | Band 7 は主要な特徴を正確に、Band 5 には不正確さを含む記述(趣旨) | 公開版 Band Descriptors。逐語照合は未実施(次の木曜で照合予定) |
| WT2 の LR | Band 8 "uncommon lexical items ... when appropriate"/Band 7 "awareness of style and collocation" | Task 2 Band Descriptors PDF、Day170(10/5)に原文照合 |
| Speaking 発音 | Band 9 "Accent has no effect on intelligibility." | Speaking Band Descriptors PDF、Day173(10/9)に照合 |
| 素点 → Band | 40問中30問 ≒ Band 7(版ごとに変動) | ielts.org「IELTS scoring in detail」、参照日 2026-09-26 |
今日の構成(43分)
| Part | 技能 | 題材 | 内容 | 問題数 | 時間 | 復習元 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Reading | 鉄道と標準時 | 369語。見出し4+短答3 | 7 | 10分 | Day171 |
| B | Listening×発音 | ペーパーバック | 講義234語。MC3+補充1+聞こえ方3 | 7 | 8分 | Day174・173 |
| C | Grammar | 航空 | 誤りあり/なし5 | 5 | 5分 | Day172・166 |
| D | WT2 | 選手の給与 | 6語の3分類+書き直し | 6+記述 | 10分 | Day170 |
| E | WT1 | 博物館(架空) | 数字の文の正誤5 | 5 | 5分 | Day167 |
| F | Speaking(任意) | 待った経験 | 60秒録音で「ト」を数える | 記録 | 5分 | Day173 |
Part A — Reading(10分・7問)
When Clocks Disagreed
AUntil the middle of the nineteenth century, every town in Britain kept its own time. Noon was the moment the sun stood highest over the town, so clocks in Bristol ran about ten minutes behind those in London, and clocks in Exeter about fourteen. For a traveller on horseback the difference hardly mattered: a journey of several days absorbed a few minutes without anyone noticing, and no one could compare two clocks a hundred miles apart at the same instant.
BThe railways changed that. A train that covered in a few hours what a coach had covered in a day or more made ten minutes visible, and a timetable that had to state when a train left one town and reached another could not use two kinds of time without confusing passengers and staff alike. In November 1840 the Great Western Railway became the first company to run its timetable on London time. Others followed, and in 1847 the Railway Clearing House, the body that settled accounts between the companies, recommended that every station adopt Greenwich Mean Time.
CTowns accepted the change more slowly than the railway companies did, and some public clocks were fitted with two minute hands, one for local time and one for railway time. Yet the convenience of a single standard proved hard to resist, and by 1855 an estimated 98 per cent of towns and cities had switched. What had not changed was the law. In principle, an agreement made "at ten o'clock" could still refer to two different moments, and it was only in August 1880 that Parliament gave a single standard time for Great Britain legal force.
DNorth America faced the same problem on a much larger scale. The sun takes nearly four hours to cross the United States, and by the early 1880s the railroads were working to about fifty different times. At noon on 18 November 1883, remembered as "the day of two noons" because clocks in many towns struck twelve twice, the companies replaced them with a handful of standard zones, each one hour apart. As in Britain, the law followed the railways rather than leading them: Congress gave the zones legal force only in 1918, thirty-five years later.
369語(Python で実測)。1840・1847・1855年98%・1880年・Bristol 10分・Exeter 14分・1883年11月18日・約50の鉄道時刻は Wikipedia "Railway time"(参照日 2026-10-11)で照合。"day of two noons" と1918年の法制化、二本の分針は記憶に基づき未照合。
| i | A national standard in use before the law recognised it |
| ii | Why local differences once went unnoticed |
| iii | Speed reveals a hidden inconsistency |
| iv | Scientists propose a single time for the world |
| v | The same answer applied across a continent |
| vi | Passengers protest against railway time |
| vii | The cost of reprinting every timetable |
Part B — Listening: Section 4 形式(8分・7問)
Situation: A lecture in a course on the history of publishing.
本番と同じく再生は1回(リロードで再度可)。ブラウザの合成音声は同化・[ʔ] をほぼ再現しないため、Q12〜14 は発音表記で出題。
Today I want to look at a small object that changed who reads: the paperback. Now, you might expect me to say that the paperback was invented by Penguin. It wasn't. Cheap books with paper covers had been around for a century, and only a few years earlier a firm called Albatross had sold English reprints in a very similar format. What Allen Lane did in 1935 was different. He sold good books — serious novels, not just thrillers — for sixpence, which was the price of a packet of cigarettes.
You'll often read that bookshops welcomed the idea. Personally, I think the opposite is closer to the truth. Many booksellers feared that cheap books would cheapen the whole trade, and the order that saved the project came from outside it — from Woolworths, a chain store, which bought sixty-three thousand copies.
Admittedly, the covers were very plain. There were no pictures at all, just bands of colour and the title. But that plainness was the point. Orange meant general fiction, and green meant crime, so a reader could spot the kind of book they wanted from the other side of the shop.
The results came quickly. Within about ten months, a million Penguins had been printed. So when we talk about the paperback revolution, remember that it wasn't the paper that was new. It was that price, that colour code and that kind of shop.
1935年・6ペンス=たばこ1箱・Woolworths 63,000部・Albatross・色分け・10か月で100万部は Wikipedia "Penguin Books"(参照日 2026-10-11)で照合。「書店の多くが反対した」は記事の "resistance from the traditional book trade" に基づく講師の解釈。
A. It was the first publisher to use paper covers.
B. It copied the Albatross format exactly.
C. It sold serious books at a very low price.
A. They were worried about the effect on their business.
B. They welcomed the books enthusiastically.
C. They placed the largest early order.
A. They were a weakness that was soon corrected.
B. They were a deliberate advantage.
C. They were more expensive than pictures.
Part C — Grammar: 誤りあり/なし(5分・5問)
誤りがあれば「誤りあり」を選び、直した文を頭の中で(または欄に)作ってから答えを開く。誤りのない文が2つある。
Part D — Writing Task 2: 語彙の分類と書き直し(10分)
Essay question(参考): Top athletes are paid far more than people in essential jobs such as nursing. Is this justified?
学習者の段落(65語・実測)。
| 分類 | 意味(Day170) |
|---|---|
| T 話題の語 | この話題でしか使わない、中身を運ぶ語 |
| D 持ち運べる飾り | どの話題のエッセイにも貼れる「難しそうな語」 |
| V あいまい語 | 主張の強さや範囲をぼかし、中身を空にする語 |
記述: 60〜80語で書き直す。条件 (1) D と V を0個 (2) T を3つ以上 (3) 数字か固有名詞を1つ以上(自信のない数字は書かない)
Part E — Writing Task 1: 数字の文は正確か(5分・5問)
The table shows the number of visitors to museums in four cities in 2014 and 2024, and the average length of a visit in 2024.(架空のデータ)
| City | Visitors 2014 (millions) | Visitors 2024 (millions) | Average visit 2024 (minutes) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arden | 4.2 | 6.3 | 95 |
| Belmor | 3.8 | 3.1 | 140 |
| Corvin | 1.5 | 3.0 | 70 |
| Dunmere | 2.6 | 2.7 | 110 |
Part F — Speaking(任意・5分)
You should say: what you waited for / how long you waited / what you did while waiting / and explain how you felt about it.
- 1分準備し、スマホで60秒録音する
- 聞き返して、最初の60秒で「ト」(t の後ろに母音を足した音。that を「ザット」)と言った回数を数える
- Day173 の基準線(4回。仮定)と比べる
解法ガイド
| Part | 手順 |
|---|---|
| A | 段落の最初と最後の文で見出しを仮決め(Day171 の順番)。iv・vi・vii は本文の語(time・passengers・timetable)を使った罠。Q5〜7 は疑問詞と単位に下線。Q6 は How long=期間 |
| B | you might expect … It wasn't=予想の否定、You'll often read … Personally, I think=他人の説→話者、Admittedly … But=譲歩→本音。Q11 は ten の後ろなので複数形 |
| C | wish・It is (high) time・would rather の後ろは時制を1つ過去へ。過去の事柄への wish は過去完了。as if + were は正しい。had taxed → would be today の Mixed も正しい |
| D | その語を別の話題(例: 公共交通)のエッセイにそのまま移せるか。移せるなら D か V、移せないなら T |
| E | 1文ずつ「どの行・どの列・どの単位・どの期間」を指で押さえる。doubled・almost unchanged のような概数は数字に合っていれば正確 |
有用な表現・語彙
| 表現 | 意味 | 使用例 |
|---|---|---|
| keep (its own) time | 時刻を刻む | Every town kept its own time. |
| absorb a delay | 遅れを吸収する | A long journey absorbed a few minutes. |
| give … legal force | 法的効力を与える | Congress gave the zones legal force in 1918. |
| follow rather than lead | 先導せず後追いする | The law followed the railways rather than leading them. |
| cheapen the trade | 業界の格を下げる | Cheap books would cheapen the trade. |
| that … was the point | それこそが狙いだった | That plainness was the point. |
| It is high time + 過去形 | とっくに~すべき時だ | It is high time airlines stopped … |
| would rather + 主語 + 過去形 | むしろ~してほしい | I'd rather the city invested in rail. |
| broadcasting deal | 放映権契約 | Salaries are funded by broadcasting deals. |
| wage cap / salary cap | 年俸の上限制度 | Some leagues use a salary cap. |
| remain almost unchanged | ほぼ横ばい | The figure remained almost unchanged. |
| over the decade | 10年間で | Numbers doubled over the decade. |
ヒント
- A: 見出しの名詞(scientists, passengers, cost)が本文に「主語として」出ているか
- B: 話者が "I think" と言う文を探す
- C: 5問中「誤りなし」は2つ
- E: 単位(millions / minutes)と期間(10年)の2点だけを見る
- A の段落 C は「町は遅れたがほぼ全部が切り替えた。法律はまだ」。D は「同じことが北米で」
- B の Q9: "You'll often read that bookshops welcomed …" は他人の説
- D で T を増やすには「誰が・何で・いくら払っているか」を具体に(放映権 → 有料放送の契約者)
- A: ii / iii / i / v。短答は Exeter の数・"thirty-five years"・2語の部品
- D の骨格: ①給与の財源 → ②誰が払っているか → ③看護師との比較 → ④方策とその限界
解答・モデル解答
| Part | Q | 正解 | 根拠 |
|---|
青=話題の語(T)5種類、緑=固有名詞。plethora・very significant・in a sense・this phenomenon・make the situation better for everyone(すべて D か V)を消した。選手と看護師の年収比は今日照合していないので入れていない。NFL のサラリーキャップは記憶に基づき未照合。
While I was waiting, I borrowed my sister's old computer, which was, honestly, painfully slow. I got into the habit of writing my code on paper first and only typing it in when I was sure about it, which sounds old-fashioned, but it made me think much more carefully.
How did I feel? Well, at first I was really annoyed, but looking back, I think that wait was quite good for me. It made me realise how much I'd been relying on the computer to think for me.
枠囲み=t+子音で [ʔ] にしてよい位置(英米共通、Day173)。got into は母音の前なので GB 式は [t]、GA 式は弾音。
- Reading: vi(passengers)・vii(timetable)は段落 B の語。語が本文にあることは、見出しが正しい理由にならない(Day171 の iv・ix・x と同じ型)。Q6 は How long → 期間
- Listening: Q8〜10 の正解は "It wasn't." "Personally, I think" "But" の直後。Day174 で正解が B に偏ったので今日は C・A・B に散らした
- Grammar: 誤りのない2問(17・18)をわざと入れた。Day172 の直後は何でも過去完了にしたくなる
- Task 1: Overview があっても数字1つの単位違いで TA は下がりうる(該当表現は逐語照合未実施)。概数の言い換えは正確
よくある日本人のミス
| ミス | 原因 | 正しくは |
|---|---|---|
| Q4 に iv | world・time の印象で選ぶ | 主語は railroads と Congress |
| Q6 に 1918 | 数字を見つけて止まる | How long → thirty-five years |
| Q9 に B | 最初に聞こえた評価を答える | "Personally, I think the opposite" の後ろ |
| Q11 に month | 単数・複数を気にしない | ten months |
| wish it was never built | 過去の事柄も過去形で済ませる | wish it had never been built |
| It is time we stop | 「今」なので現在形にしたくなる | It is time we stopped |
| 18 を誤りあり | Mixed を見ると時制をそろえたくなる | had taxed … would be today は正しい |
| 6.3 thousand / 140 hours | 見出しの単位を読まない | 単位を数字の直後に毎回書く |
| fell by 0.7 million each year | 合計の変化を年あたりにする | over the decade |
| a plethora of money | 難しい語で格を上げようとする | salaries funded by … |
この回の設計記録・扱わなかった範囲
| 迷った案 | 採らなかった理由 | 前提が変わったら |
|---|---|---|
| Day169 と同じ1題材でつなぐ | 題材の知識が後半の Writing を易しくした(Day169 の反省) | 「題材が変わるたびに時間が足りない」と記入されれば2題材にまとめる |
| Reading を13問・20分に戻す | Day171 の自己評価が未記入で時間切れか分からない。43分に6 Part では20分取れない | 「時間切れ」が記入されたら次の日曜(10/18)は Reading 13問を独立 |
| 録音を必須にする | 「ト」の回数が未記入で、必須にしても判断材料が増える保証がない。0のままだと産出が2週抜けるので任意で置いた | 記入されれば必須に戻す |
| 「率と総数」をもう1回 | 自己評価が無いまま4回目は出さない(state.md の決め事) | そこで落としたと記入されれば戻す |
| Part D に年収の具体値 | 今日照合していない記憶の数字は誤りを教える危険 | 公的統計とリーグの公表値を照合できたら比率を書く練習に替える |
| Part E を一から書かせる | 木曜(10/15)の WT1 で TA の数字の選択・正確さに絞る予定で、重なる | 木曜で単位の誤りが出れば次の日曜で答案を書く形に |
扱わなかった範囲
- Reading の13問・20分と、Day171 で未着手の5形式(火曜 10/13 の予定)
- Listening の Map/Diagram labelling(土曜 10/17 の予定)
- WT2 の構造×語彙の統合版(月曜 10/12 の予定)
- Task 1 の Overview(今日は数字の正確さだけ)
- 本物の音声(Q12〜14 は英国英語の標準的な話者を想定した近似表記)
次のステップ
- 発展: Part E の表で正確な文だけを使い Overview+本文2段落(150語)を書き、Day167 の採点表で TA を自己採点
- 発展2: Part D に反対の立場(市場が決める給与は正当)の段落を足し、同じ3分類で数える
- 次回予告(月曜 10/12): Writing Task 2 — 構造(Day163)と語彙(Day170)を1段落で同時に数える統合版
自己評価
落とした罠
気づき・メモ
保存はこのブラウザの中だけ。問題ファイルの自己評価欄に残すときは「Markdown でコピー」を使う。