Part 5(Incomplete Sentences)— Phase 2 仮定法⑤
出題形式
- 全 30問
- 選択肢は A / B / C / D の4択
- 1文の空欄に最適な語句を選ぶ
- 制限時間目安: 1問あたり約20〜25秒
今日のフォーカス
- if節 vs 主節の動詞形の対応
- 仮定法過去 vs 仮定法過去完了の区別
- 混合条件文(過去→現在への影響)
- 倒置形(Had S p.p.)の認識
Phase 2 スコア目標:
10問中 8問正解(80%) — 時制の対応関係を軸に、if節と主節を常にセットで判断することが鍵
仮定法パターン早見表
| 種類 | if節 | 主節 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 仮定法過去 | If S + 過去形 (were 推奨) |
S + would/could/might + 動詞原形 |
現在の事実と反対 「もし〜なら(今)」 |
| 仮定法過去完了 | If S + had + p.p. | S + would/could/might + have + p.p. |
過去の事実と反対 「あの時〜だったなら」 |
| 混合条件文 | If S + had + p.p. (過去の仮定) |
S + would + 動詞原形 (現在への影響) |
「あの時〜なら(今頃)」 |
| 直接条件文 | If/Unless/Provided that S + 現在形 |
S + will + 動詞原形 | 実現可能な条件 「〜すれば〜だろう」 |
| 倒置形 | Had S + p.p. Were S to ... Should S ... |
(対応する主節と同じ) | Ifを使わない格式的な仮定 TOEICで頻出 |
重要ポイント:
TOEICでは主語がIでも
倒置形「Had S p.p.」は文頭にHadが来るため、普通の過去完了と混同しやすい — 主節にwould have + p.p.があれば倒置の仮定法過去完了と判断。
If I were を使う(wasは不正解)。倒置形「Had S p.p.」は文頭にHadが来るため、普通の過去完了と混同しやすい — 主節にwould have + p.p.があれば倒置の仮定法過去完了と判断。
設問チャレンジ(10問)
各問の空欄に最もふさわしい語句をA〜Dから選び、「答え合わせ」で正誤を確認してください。制限時間: 3分30秒
問 1
仮定法過去完了(if節)
If the project manager ------- more time, she would have revised the entire proposal before submitting it.
✓ 正解: (D) had had
主節が
✓ (D) had had → If S + had had ... = 仮定法過去完了のif節。
✗ (A) has → 現在形のhasは仮定法と対応しない
✗ (B) had → 単純過去形hadは仮定法過去(現在)の文に使う(主節がwould+原形のとき)
✗ (C) have had → have hadは現在完了形で仮定法ではない
would have revised(仮定法過去完了)→ if節も仮定法過去完了「had + p.p.」が必要。✓ (D) had had → If S + had had ... = 仮定法過去完了のif節。
✗ (A) has → 現在形のhasは仮定法と対応しない
✗ (B) had → 単純過去形hadは仮定法過去(現在)の文に使う(主節がwould+原形のとき)
✗ (C) have had → have hadは現在完了形で仮定法ではない
問 2
混合条件文
The company would be in a much better financial position today if it ------- additional investors two years ago.
✓ 正解: (B) had secured
混合条件文: 主節「would be(現在)」+ 「today」→ 過去の仮定が現在に影響。if節は仮定法過去完了「had secured」。
✓ (B) had secured → 「two years ago」の過去の出来事 → 仮定法過去完了
✗ (A) secured → 単純過去は仮定法でない(事実を述べているように聞こえる)
✗ (C) would secure → if節にwouldは使えない
✗ (D) secures → 現在形は直接条件文用
✓ (B) had secured → 「two years ago」の過去の出来事 → 仮定法過去完了
✗ (A) secured → 単純過去は仮定法でない(事実を述べているように聞こえる)
✗ (C) would secure → if節にwouldは使えない
✗ (D) secures → 現在形は直接条件文用
問 3
仮定法過去完了(if節・受動態)
If the server ------- properly maintained, this data loss would never have occurred.
✓ 正解: (C) had been
主節「would never have occurred」= 仮定法過去完了 → if節も「had + p.p.」。受動態なので
✓ (C) had been → 受動態 had been maintained で仮定法過去完了
✗ (A) is → 直接条件文(実現可能な条件)に使う
✗ (B) were → 仮定法過去(現在の仮定)。主節はwould+原形になるはず
✗ (D) has been → 現在完了は仮定法ではない
had been maintained。✓ (C) had been → 受動態 had been maintained で仮定法過去完了
✗ (A) is → 直接条件文(実現可能な条件)に使う
✗ (B) were → 仮定法過去(現在の仮定)。主節はwould+原形になるはず
✗ (D) has been → 現在完了は仮定法ではない
問 4
直接条件文(provided that)
The contract ------- effective next month, provided that both parties sign the agreement by Friday.
✓ 正解: (A) will become
provided that(〜という条件で)= 実現可能な直接条件文。条件節が現在形「sign」→ 主節は will + 動詞原形。✓ (A) will become → 直接条件文の主節: will + 動詞原形
✗ (B) would become → wouldは仮定法(非現実)の主節に使う
✗ (C) had become → 仮定法過去完了のif節の形で主節では不適
✗ (D) became → 単純過去で文脈に合わない
問 5
wish + 仮定法過去
Ms. Tanaka wishes she ------- fluent in Spanish so that she could lead the Latin American expansion project.
✓ 正解: (C) were
wish + 仮定法過去 = 現在実現していない願望を表す。be動詞は主語の人称に関わらず were を使う(TOEIC標準)。✓ (C) were → wish + were = 「〜であればよいのに」(現在の事実と反対)
✗ (A) is → 直接法(事実を述べる)で仮定法ではない
✗ (B) was → 口語的に使われることはあるが、TOEICではwereが正解
✗ (D) has been → 現在完了はwishの仮定法では使わない(過去の願望にはwished she had beenを使う)
問 6
仮定法過去完了の倒置形
Had the logistics team been informed earlier, the shipment ------- on time.
✓ 正解: (C) would have arrived
Had the logistics team been informed = If the logistics team had been informed(仮定法過去完了の倒置形)→ 主節は would have + p.p.。✓ (C) would have arrived → 仮定法過去完了の主節
✗ (A) arrives → 現在形は条件節と対応しない
✗ (B) would arrive → 仮定法過去(現在)の主節で、時制が合わない
✗ (D) had arrived → 仮定法過去完了のif節の形で主節では使えない
問 7
仮定法過去(If I were)
If I ------- the regional director, I would allocate more resources to customer support.
✓ 正解: (C) were
仮定法過去の最も基本的なパターン:
✓ (C) were → 主語がIでも仮定法ではwereが正式(TOEIC標準)
✗ (A) am → 直接法(事実)で仮定法ではない
✗ (B) was → 口語的表現でTOEICでは不正解
✗ (D) have been → 現在完了は仮定法の形式として使えない
If I were ...。主節に would + 動詞原形があることから仮定法過去と判断。✓ (C) were → 主語がIでも仮定法ではwereが正式(TOEIC標準)
✗ (A) am → 直接法(事実)で仮定法ではない
✗ (B) was → 口語的表現でTOEICでは不正解
✗ (D) have been → 現在完了は仮定法の形式として使えない
問 8
過去の反事実(主節)
The software update ------- released last month, but the development team discovered a critical bug during final testing.
✓ 正解: (B) would have been
「but the development team discovered a critical bug」= 過去の事実(バグを発見した)→ 実際にはリリースされなかった。過去の反事実は
✓ (B) would have been → 受動態 would have been released = 「リリースされていたはずなのに」
✗ (A) would be → 現在の仮定(would be released)で時制が合わない
✗ (C) has been → 現在完了は事実の報告で仮定法ではない
✗ (D) will be → 未来形で「last month」と矛盾
would have been + p.p.(仮定法過去完了)で表す。✓ (B) would have been → 受動態 would have been released = 「リリースされていたはずなのに」
✗ (A) would be → 現在の仮定(would be released)で時制が合わない
✗ (C) has been → 現在完了は事実の報告で仮定法ではない
✗ (D) will be → 未来形で「last month」と矛盾
問 9
unless + 現在形(直接条件)
Unless the vendor ------- the delivery date, we will have to source the materials from an alternative supplier.
✓ 正解: (A) confirms
unless = if ... not。直接条件文の接続詞として使われ、節内は現在形を使う。主節が will have to(未来)→ unless節は現在形。✓ (A) confirms → unless + 現在形 = 直接条件文
✗ (B) confirmed → unless節に単純過去は不自然(非現実の仮定法過去と混同しやすい)
✗ (C) will confirm → 条件節(unless/if節)の中にwillは原則不可
✗ (D) had confirmed → 仮定法過去完了のif節の形で時制が合わない
問 10
仮定法過去完了(if節)
If the marketing budget ------- doubled this year, we might have launched the campaign in all major markets.
✓ 正解: (C) had been
主節「might have launched」= 仮定法過去完了 → if節も「had + p.p.」が必要。受動態なので
✓ (C) had been → 仮定法過去完了のif節(受動態: had been doubled)
✗ (A) is → 直接条件文(未来の事実)で仮定法と対応しない
✗ (B) were → 仮定法過去(現在の仮定)で、主節はmight+原形になるはず
✗ (D) would be → if節にwouldは使えない(仮定法の大原則)
had been doubled。✓ (C) had been → 仮定法過去完了のif節(受動態: had been doubled)
✗ (A) is → 直接条件文(未来の事実)で仮定法と対応しない
✗ (B) were → 仮定法過去(現在の仮定)で、主節はmight+原形になるはず
✗ (D) would be → if節にwouldは使えない(仮定法の大原則)
ヒント(先に問題を解いてから確認)
ヒント1 — 解き方の方向性
各問でまずif節と主節を分けて考える。空欄がどちらにあるかを特定し、もう一方の動詞形から時制の対応を決める。
主節に
主節に
主節に
主節に
would have + p.p. → if節は had + p.p.(仮定法過去完了)主節に
would + 原形 → if節は 過去形/were(仮定法過去)主節に
will + 原形 → 条件節は現在形(直接条件文)
ヒント2 — 解法のキー
Q1: 主節 would have revised → if節は had + p.p.
Q2: 主節 would be (today) + if節 two years ago → 混合条件 → if節 had secured
Q3: 主節 would never have occurred → if節 had been maintained
Q4: provided that ... sign(現在形)→ 主節 will become
Q5: wish + 仮定法 → were(人称不問)
Q6: Had S p.p. = If S had p.p. の倒置 → 主節 would have arrived
Q7: 主節 would allocate → If I were...
Q8: but discovered(過去の事実)→ 主節 would have been
Q9: unless + 主節 will → unless節は現在形 confirms
Q10: 主節 might have launched → if節 had been
Q2: 主節 would be (today) + if節 two years ago → 混合条件 → if節 had secured
Q3: 主節 would never have occurred → if節 had been maintained
Q4: provided that ... sign(現在形)→ 主節 will become
Q5: wish + 仮定法 → were(人称不問)
Q6: Had S p.p. = If S had p.p. の倒置 → 主節 would have arrived
Q7: 主節 would allocate → If I were...
Q8: but discovered(過去の事実)→ 主節 would have been
Q9: unless + 主節 will → unless節は現在形 confirms
Q10: 主節 might have launched → if節 had been
ヒント3 — 骨格・選択の根拠
Q1: (D) had had — Q2: (B) had secured — Q3: (C) had been
Q4: (A) will become — Q5: (C) were — Q6: (C) would have arrived
Q7: (C) were — Q8: (B) would have been — Q9: (A) confirms — Q10: (C) had been
Q4: (A) will become — Q5: (C) were — Q6: (C) would have arrived
Q7: (C) were — Q8: (B) would have been — Q9: (A) confirms — Q10: (C) had been
正解一覧
| 問 | 正解 | 仮定法パターン | キーポイント |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D) had had | 仮定法過去完了(if節) | would have p.p. → if節はhad p.p. |
| 2 | B) had secured | 混合条件文 | today(現在)+ two years ago(過去)→ 混合 |
| 3 | C) had been | 仮定法過去完了(if節・受動態) | 受動態: had been maintained |
| 4 | A) will become | 直接条件文(provided that) | provided that + 現在形 → will + 原形 |
| 5 | C) were | wish + 仮定法過去 | wish + were(人称不問) |
| 6 | C) would have arrived | 仮定法過去完了(倒置形) | Had S p.p. → 主節 would have p.p. |
| 7 | C) were | 仮定法過去(If I were) | If I were... IでもWere |
| 8 | B) would have been | 過去の反事実(主節) | but 過去の事実 → would have been p.p. |
| 9 | A) confirms | 直接条件文(unless) | unless + 現在形 + will主節 |
| 10 | C) had been | 仮定法過去完了(if節・受動態) | might have launched → if節 had been |
頻出語彙・表現まとめ
| 語彙/表現 | 品詞 | 意味 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| provided (that) | 接続詞 | 〜という条件で | Provided that both parties agree, the deal is closed. |
| unless | 接続詞 | 〜しない限り(= if ... not) | Unless you confirm, we will proceed differently. |
| allocate | 動詞 | 割り当てる・配分する | allocate resources / allocate budget to a project |
| expansion | 名詞 | 拡大・展開・増設 | the Latin American expansion / business expansion |
| logistics | 名詞 | 物流・ロジスティクス | logistics team / logistics partner / shipping logistics |
| critical | 形容詞 | 重大な・致命的な・欠かせない | a critical bug / a critical decision / critical infrastructure |
| revise | 動詞 | 修正する・改訂する | revise a proposal / revise the schedule |
| secure | 動詞 | 確保する・取り付ける | secure investors / secure a contract / secure funding |
| alternative | 形容詞/名詞 | 代替の・別の選択肢 | an alternative supplier / explore alternatives |
| source | 動詞 | 調達する(ビジネス用語) | source materials from overseas / source a vendor |
弱点パターン分析
仮定法過去完了パターン
- if節: had + p.p.
- 主節: would/could/might have + p.p.
- 受動態if節: had been + p.p.
- 問題: Q1, Q3, Q6, Q8, Q10
仮定法過去パターン
- if節: 過去形 / were
- 主節: would/could/might + 原形
- be動詞は人称不問で were
- wishも同様(wish + were)
直接条件文パターン
- if / unless / provided that + 現在形
- 主節: will + 原形
- 条件節内にwillは不可
- 問題: Q4, Q9
倒置・混合条件パターン
- Had S p.p. = If S had p.p.の倒置
- 混合: if節(過去)+ 主節(現在影響)
- today/currently等が混合のヒント
- 問題: Q2(混合), Q6(倒置)
よくある日本人のミス
| ミス | 原因 | 正しいアプローチ |
|---|---|---|
| If I was を選んでしまう | 日常英語でwasが使われることがある | TOEICではIf I were が正解。人称不問でwere |
| unless節にwillを入れる | 「〜しないだろうなら」と未来で考える | unless = if not。節内は現在形、主節にwillを使う |
| 「Had S p.p.」を条件節と気づかない | Ifがないため普通の過去完了と混同 | Hadが文頭→仮定法過去完了の倒置。主節にwould have p.p.を探す |
| 混合条件でif節もwould + 原形にしてしまう | if節にwouldを入れたくなる | if節には絶対wouldを使わない。過去→had p.p.、現在→過去形/were |
| provided thatの後をwould〜にしてしまう | 仮定法と混同する | provided that = 直接条件文。節内は現在形、主節はwill + 原形 |
自己評価(解いた後に記入)
__ / 10問
__ 分
次回: 火曜日 Part 7 SP(NOT問題攻略)— Phase 2 テーマ⑤