背景知識
今日は 円グラフ（Pie Chart）の描写、しかも 2枚を比較する 形式です。線グラフ・棒グラフと並ぶ Task 1 の定番で、「割合（proportion / share）」の変化を対比して記述する 能力が問われます。
1. 円グラフは「割合」を表す — 各カテゴリが全体の何%か。合計は必ず100%
2. 2枚は「同じ項目が2時点でどう変化したか」を対比 — 片方ずつ羅列しない
3. 順位の変化（最大項目の入れ替わり等）は必ず言及 — 採点官が最も注目
4. Overview では最大・最小・最大変化項目のみ を数値なしでまとめる
評価の4軸
Coherence & Cohesion (CC): 段落構成の明確さ・対比の接続詞（whereas, while, in contrast）の使用
Lexical Resource (LR): 割合表現（accounted for, made up, constituted）と変化表現の多様さ
Grammatical Range (GRA): 比較構文・過去形・割合/分数構文の正確な使用
採点基準 — Writing Task 1 Band Descriptor
| Band | Task Achievement | Lexical Resource | Grammatical Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Band 9.0 | 全項目・順位変化・比較を正確にカバー。概観が完璧 | 割合・変化の語彙を高度に使い分け | 複雑な文構造（関係詞・分詞構文）を誤りなく使用 |
| Band 8.0 | 主要項目をカバー。Overview が明確・比較が自然 | 幅広い割合語彙。ごく稀に不正確 | 多様な文構造。ごく稀に誤りあり |
| Band 7.0 | 主要項目をほぼカバー。比較が明確 | 割合語彙を正確に使用 | 過去形・比較級を正確に使用 |
| Band 6.0 ★目標 | 主要項目はカバー。順位変化の記述が不十分な場合も | 基本的な割合語彙。繰り返しがある | 基本的な文法はおおむね正確 |
| Band 5.0 | 項目の選択が不十分。Overview なし・比較なし | "is / was X%" のみに限定 | 基本的な文法にも誤りが多い |
今日の目標: 150語以上 / 20分以内で、Overview + 全6項目の割合変化 + 順位逆転・対比を含める
問題
The two pie charts below show the proportion of household expenditure by category in a European country in 2000 and 2020.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
| カテゴリ / Category | 2000 | 2020 | 変化 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Housing（住居費） | 25% | 32% | +7 |
| Food（食費） | 30% | 20% | -10 |
| Transport（交通費） | 12% | 15% | +3 |
| Leisure & Entertainment（娯楽） | 10% | 14% | +4 |
| Healthcare（医療費） | 8% | 12% | +4 |
| Other（その他） | 15% | 7% | -8 |
| 合計 | 100% | 100% |
書くべき主要ポイント
- 順位逆転: 2000年は食費が最大 → 2020年は住居費が最大に（最重要 Key Feature）
- 食費の急落: 30% → 20%（-10pt）— 最も大きな減少
- 住居費の増加: 25% → 32%（+7pt）— 2020年の最大項目
- 医療・娯楽の上昇: 医療 8→12%、娯楽 10→14%
- その他の縮小: 15% → 7%（半減以下）— 支出が特定カテゴリに集中
構成ガイド
推奨段落構成
| 段落 | 内容 | 語数目安 |
|---|---|---|
| Introduction | 2枚のグラフ内容を言い換えて紹介（問題文をそのままコピーしない） | 25〜35語 |
| Overview | 最大・最小の逆転と最大変化項目を2文で（"Overall, ..."）。数値は使わない | 30〜40語 |
| Detail 1 | 増加グループ（住居・交通・娯楽・医療）の数値変化 | 40〜55語 |
| Detail 2 | 減少グループ（食費・その他）の数値変化と対比 | 40〜55語 |
"shows" → compare / illustrate / present
"proportion of household expenditure" → how households allocated / divided their spending
"by category" → across six categories
"in 2000 and 2020" → over a twenty-year period / two decades apart
"accounted for / made up / constituted / represented X%"（Xを占めた）
"the largest / smallest proportion" / "the biggest share"
"overtook food as the largest category"（順位逆転）
"compared with / whereas / while / in contrast"（対比）
"a rise / fall of X percentage points" / "more than halved"
解答欄
ヒントやモデル解答を見る前に、ここに自分の解答を書いてみましょう。
有用語彙・表現
| 表現 | 意味・使い方 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|
| accounted for / made up / constituted | （割合を）占めた | Food accounted for 30% of total spending in 2000. |
| the largest / smallest proportion | 最大 / 最小の割合 | Housing represented the largest proportion in 2020, at 32%. |
| overtook X as the largest category | Xを抜いて最大項目になった | Housing overtook food as the largest category by 2020. |
| a fall / rise of X percentage points | Xポイントの減少 / 増加 | Food saw a fall of 10 percentage points over the period. |
| more than halved / nearly doubled | 半分以下になった / ほぼ倍増した | Spending on 'other' items more than halved, from 15% to 7%. |
| whereas / while / in contrast | 一方で（対比） | Housing rose, whereas food declined markedly. |
| the proportion spent on | 〜に費やされた割合 | The proportion spent on healthcare climbed from 8% to 12%. |
| combined / collectively | 合わせて | Housing and food combined made up over half of all spending in both years. |
| discretionary spending | 裁量的支出（娯楽など必需でない支出） | Discretionary spending on leisure increased over the two decades. |
| a quarter / a fifth of | 4分の1 / 5分の1（分数で割合を言い換え） | Housing accounted for a quarter of expenditure in 2000. |
ヒント
Overviewには 2つの大きな傾向 だけを書きます。数値は不要。
- 最大カテゴリが食費から住居費へ入れ替わった（順位逆転）
- 医療・娯楽が増加した一方、食費と「その他」が減少した
この2点を "Overall, ..." で始まる段落にまとめましょう。順位逆転への言及は加点の核心です。
Detail 1（増加グループ）:
- 住居費: 25% → 32%（+7pt、2020年の最大項目）
- 交通費: 12% → 15%（+3pt）
- 娯楽: 10% → 14%（+4pt）
- 医療費: 8% → 12%（+4pt、最小から脱却）
Detail 2（減少グループ）:
- 食費: 30% → 20%（-10pt、最大の減少・1位から2位へ）
- その他: 15% → 7%（-8pt、半分以下に）
- 住居費＋食費で両年とも過半数を占める点も触れると加点
Intro The two pie charts compare how households in a European country divided their spending across six categories in 2000 and 2020.
Overview Overall, while food was the single largest expense in 2000, housing had become the biggest category by 2020. Spending on healthcare and leisure rose over the period, whereas the shares of food and miscellaneous items fell noticeably.
Detail 1 In 2000, housing accounted for 25% of expenditure, but this rose to 32% two decades later, making it the largest category. Similarly, the proportions spent on transport, leisure, and healthcare all increased, climbing to 15%, 14%, and 12% respectively.
Detail 2 By contrast, food, which had represented the biggest share at 30% in 2000, fell to just 20% by 2020. The most striking decline was in the 'other' category, which more than halved from 15% to 7%.
モデル解答（Band 7.5〜8.0相当）
Intro The two pie charts compare the way in which households in a European country allocated their spending across six categories in the years 2000 and 2020.
Overview Overall, food constituted the single largest expense at the start of the period, but by 2020 housing had overtaken it to become the dominant category. In addition, the proportions devoted to healthcare and leisure grew steadily, whereas the shares of food and miscellaneous items contracted markedly.
Detail 1 In 2000, housing accounted for a quarter of total expenditure, yet this figure climbed to 32% two decades later, making it the largest single category. A comparable upward trend was evident elsewhere: transport rose from 12% to 15%, leisure from 10% to 14%, and healthcare from 8% to 12%, meaning healthcare was no longer the smallest category.
Detail 2 In contrast, food, which had represented the biggest share at 30% in 2000, declined sharply to just 20% by 2020, a fall of 10 percentage points. The most pronounced decrease, however, was in the 'other' category, whose share more than halved, dropping from 15% to only 7%. Notably, housing and food combined continued to make up over half of all spending in both years.
語数: 約205語
モデル解答の解説
Introductionで2枚のグラフを正確にパラフレーズ（"compare the way in which" / "allocated their spending"）。Overview で最重要ポイント（食費→住居費の順位逆転）と変化方向を数値なしで明示。全6項目を数値付きでカバーし、順位逆転・最大増減・「合計で過半数」という追加の洞察も提示。
"Overall" でOverviewを開始、"In addition" で追加傾向、"In contrast" で減少グループへ転換。"whereas / yet / however" で対比を繰り返し明示。段落を「増加グループ / 減少グループ」で明確に分割。
割合・変化表現の多様な使い分け:
- constituted / accounted for / represented / made up — 「占める」の4通りの言い換え
- overtaken it to become the dominant category — 順位逆転の自然な表現
- contracted markedly / declined sharply / most pronounced decrease — 減少の程度を段階的に
- a quarter / more than halved — 分数・倍率での言い換え
文法テクニックの活用:
- "food, which had represented the biggest share..." — 非制限用法の関係代名詞 + 過去完了
- "making it the largest single category" — 結果の分詞構文
- "the 'other' category, whose share more than halved" — whose を使った関係詞
- "meaning healthcare was no longer the smallest" — 分詞構文で結果を補足
よくある日本人のミス
| ミスの例 | 原因 | 正しい書き方 |
|---|---|---|
| Food decreased 10%. | 「食費」ではなく「食費の割合」、かつ "by" が必要 | The proportion spent on food fell by 10 percentage points. |
| Housing is 32% in 2020. | Task 1 は過去のデータ → 過去形 | Housing accounted for 32% in 2020. |
| Food occupied 30%. | occupy は物理的占有 → 割合には accounted for / made up | Food made up 30% of spending. |
| 10% decreased to 20%. | 主語がおかしい。減ったのは割合 | Food's share fell from 30% to 20%. |
| percentage と percentage point の混同 | 30%→20% は 10 percentage points の減少（33%減ではない） | a fall of 10 percentage points |
| Overview に全項目の数値を羅列 | Overviewは順位逆転など大枠のみ、数値は Detail で | Overall, housing overtook food as the largest category. |