背景知識
今日は Writing Task 2 の中でも「Introductionの書き方」だけにフォーカス します。IELTSではプロンプト（問題文）をそのまま書き写すと、実質的な語数としてカウントされず Task Response（TR）が大きく減点 されます。そこで必要になるのが パラフレーズ（paraphrasing / 言い換え） の技術です。
1. パラフレーズの3つの技術（類義語・品詞転換・文構造の変換）を理解する
2. 2つ以上の技術を組み合わせる ことで「表面的な言い換え」から脱却する
3. Introductionの黄金構成（1文目パラフレーズ ＋ 2文目Thesis Statement）を身につける
パラフレーズの3つの技術
| 技術 | 内容 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 類義語による言い換え (Synonym substitution) | キーワードを同義語・類義表現に置き換える | "high school" → "secondary school" |
| ② 品詞転換 (Word class change) | 名詞→動詞、形容詞→副詞など品詞を変える | "a compulsory part of education" → "students should be required to..." |
| ③ 文構造の変換 (Sentence structure change) | 能動↔受動、主語の入れ替え、節の順序変更 | "X should be compulsory"（Xが主語）→ "students should be required to do X"（studentsが主語） |
Band Descriptor（評価軸）
| 評価軸 | 内容 | Band 6.0 に必要なこと |
|---|---|---|
| TR | Task Response — 課題への正確な応答 | パラフレーズがプロンプトの要素を漏れなくカバーしている |
| CC | Coherence & Cohesion — 論理的流れ | パラフレーズ文からThesis Statementへ自然につながる |
| LR | Lexical Resource — 語彙の豊富さ | 類義語の選択が自然で、文脈に合っている |
| GRA | Grammatical Range & Accuracy | 文構造を変換しても文法的に正確 |
Introductionの黄金構成（2文構成）
問題
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school education.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Task Type: Opinion Essay（Agree/Disagree）— 今日はIntroductionのパラフレーズに集中
構成ガイド
Band 5.5 → "Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school education."（プロンプトの丸写し）
Band 6.0 → "It has been suggested that secondary school students should be required to spend a set number of hours performing voluntary work as an integral part of their studies."
有用な語彙・表現
プロンプトのパラフレーズ例（今回のトピック用）
| 元の表現 | 言い換え | 使用した技術 |
|---|---|---|
| unpaid community service | voluntary work (without payment) | ①類義語 |
| compulsory | mandatory / obligatory / required | ①類義語 |
| high school education | secondary education / secondary school curriculum | ①類義語 |
| X should be a compulsory part of education | students should be required to carry out X as part of their studies | ②③品詞転換＋構造変換 |
| to what extent do you agree or disagree | I firmly believe... / I am largely in agreement that... | ②③意見表明への変換 |
Introduction冒頭で使えるフレーズ
| 表現 | 日本語訳 | 使用例 |
|---|---|---|
| It has been suggested that... | 〜という意見がある | It has been suggested that students should volunteer during school hours. |
| There is a growing view that... | 〜という見方が広まっている | There is a growing view that schools should mandate community work. |
| While I acknowledge..., I firmly believe... | 〜は認めるが、〜と強く思う | While I acknowledge the practical challenges, I firmly believe this policy is beneficial. |
| as an integral part of... | 〜の不可欠な一部として | ...as an integral part of their studies |
| carry out / undertake voluntary work | ボランティア活動を行う | Students would be required to carry out voluntary work each term. |
ヒント
プロンプトの「unpaid community service」「compulsory」「high school education」という3つのキーワードを、①類義語・②品詞転換・③文構造変換のうち2つ以上を組み合わせて書き換える。
1文目でプロンプトの内容を過不足なくカバーし、2文目で自分の立場（Agree寄り/Disagree寄り/中間）を明示する。
賛成側で使える論点候補:
- 個人の成長 → 共感力・コミュニケーション力の獲得、将来のキャリア発見のきっかけ（例: 病院でのボランティアから医療への関心）
- 社会への貢献 → 慈善団体・NPOの人手不足解消、地域コミュニティの結束強化
- 反対意見への配慮 → 学業への負担増（特に成績不振の生徒）→ 時間数を柔軟に調整することで対応可能
[Introduction 1文目 — パラフレーズ]
"It has been suggested that secondary school students should be required to spend a set number of hours performing voluntary work as an integral part of their studies."
[Introduction 2文目 — Thesis]
"While I acknowledge that this policy could place an additional burden on some students, I firmly believe that making community engagement mandatory would benefit both young people and society as a whole."
[Body 1 — 個人への効果]
"On a personal level, compulsory volunteering exposes teenagers to experiences that traditional classroom learning cannot provide... [具体例: soup kitchen / care home]"
[Body 2 — 社会への効果＋譲歩]
"From a societal perspective, requiring young people to volunteer would also strengthen communities... Admittedly, students who are already struggling academically might find it difficult... however, this could be addressed by..."
[Conclusion — 別表現で再パラフレーズ]
"In conclusion, despite the potential strain that compulsory volunteering might place on certain students, I maintain that the personal growth and community benefits it generates far outweigh this drawback..."
モデル解答（Band 7.5〜8.0 相当）
It has been suggested that secondary school students should be required to spend a set number of hours performing voluntary work as an integral part of their studies. While I acknowledge that this policy could place an additional burden on some students, I firmly believe that making community engagement mandatory would benefit both young people and society as a whole, and this essay will explain why.
On a personal level, compulsory volunteering exposes teenagers to experiences that traditional classroom learning cannot provide. By spending time in a soup kitchen or a care home for the elderly, for instance, students develop empathy and communication skills that are rarely taught through textbooks alone. Furthermore, such experiences often help adolescents clarify their future career aspirations; a student who assists at a local hospital, for example, may discover a genuine interest in medicine that a lecture on biology could never inspire. These soft skills and moments of self-discovery are, arguably, just as valuable as academic qualifications when it comes to university applications and future employment.
From a societal perspective, requiring young people to volunteer would also strengthen communities. Charities and non-profit organisations frequently struggle to recruit enough staff, and a steady supply of student volunteers could help such organisations continue to operate. Admittedly, students who are already struggling academically might find it difficult to balance coursework with additional commitments; however, this concern could be addressed by allowing schools to adjust the number of required hours according to each student's circumstances, rather than abandoning the scheme altogether.
In conclusion, despite the potential strain that compulsory volunteering might place on certain students, I maintain that the personal growth and community benefits it generates far outweigh this drawback, and schools should therefore incorporate it into the curriculum.
モデル解答の解説
Introduction 1文目が、プロンプトの3要素（unpaid community service / compulsory / high school education）をすべて言い換えてカバーしている。2文目で "While I acknowledge... I firmly believe..." と、譲歩を含みつつも明確な立場（Agree寄り）を提示している。
チェックポイント: 自分のパラフレーズがプロンプトの要素を1つも落としていないか確認する。
| プロンプトの要素 | パラフレーズ | 使用技術 |
|---|---|---|
| high school education | secondary school students... their studies | ①類義語（high school→secondary school） |
| unpaid community service | performing voluntary work | ①類義語（unpaidの含意はvoluntaryに内包） |
| should be a compulsory part of X（Xが主語） | students should be required to do X（studentsが主語） | ②③品詞転換＋主語の入れ替え |
| to what extent do you agree or disagree | I firmly believe that... | ②意見表明表現への変換 |
| 語彙・表現 | 日本語訳 | なぜ高スコアか |
|---|---|---|
| carry out / perform voluntary work | ボランティア活動を行う | "do volunteer work" の単調な表現を避けた自然なcollocation |
| as an integral part of their studies | 学業の不可欠な一部として | "a compulsory part of education" の品詞転換型パラフレーズ |
| clarify their future career aspirations | 将来のキャリアの志望を明確にする | 抽象名詞化された高スコア表現 |
| far outweigh this drawback | この欠点をはるかに上回る | Conclusionで使う「利点が欠点を上回る」の効果的な定番表現 |
- 主語の入れ替えによる構造変換: "X should be compulsory" → "students should be required to..." で能動的な文へ
- 関係詞の省略を含む名詞修飾: "a student who assists at a local hospital"
- セミコロン（追加・詳述）: "...enough staff; however, this concern could be addressed by..."
- 譲歩節（Admittedly, ... however）: 反論への配慮を示す高度な構文
よくある日本人のミス
| ミス | 原因 | 正しい書き方 |
|---|---|---|
| Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school education.（プロンプトの丸写し） | パラフレーズの重要性を理解していない | 類義語・品詞転換・構造変換のうち2つ以上を組み合わせて書き換える |
| compulsory → obligatory に変えただけで文構造は同じ | 単語レベルの言い換えのみに留まる | 主語や文構造も同時に変える（例: 主語をcommunity serviceからstudentsへ） |
| compulsory → de rigueur（難解すぎる類義語） | シソーラスから機械的に単語を選ぶ | 実際によく使われる自然な同義語（mandatory, requiredなど）を選ぶ |
| ConclusionでIntroductionと全く同じ表現を繰り返す | パラフレーズは冒頭だけで良いと誤解している | Conclusionでも別の語彙・構造で改めて言い換える |
| "compulsory" を落として言い換えてしまう（意味のずれ） | 元の意味を保つ意識が不足 | 言い換えた後、プロンプトの全要素が残っているか必ず見直す |
次のステップ
次回予告（火曜）: Reading — Matching Features（教育・社会分野のパッセージ）
自己評価
エッセイを書いた後に記入してください。データはブラウザのローカルストレージに保存されます。
自分の回答（エッセイ全文）:
気づき・メモ: